20 Are prehospital deaths from trauma and accidental injury preventable? A summary report Research Ethics Committee, the researchers Analysis retrospectively reviewed inquest records. For each death, the following analysis was The inquest records reviewed covered all deaths conducted to generate the probability of survival: from injury referred to the coroner between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2013, > First, in accordance with the AIS-2005 (update and included the coroner’s report, police and 2008), injuries were ranked on a scale of one ambulance statements, witness reports, the to six, with one being minor, five severe and pathologist’s report and the post-mortem record. six a non-survivable injury (Brohi 2007a). The The three-year period was chosen to allow for the AIS-1990 was used to ensure comparison to completion of inquests. the 1994 study. Data collected included: injuries sustained, > From the AIS-2005 (update 2008), the ISS was neurological injury, airway obstruction, co- calculated, which allows for an overall score morbidities and the presence of alcohol/other as a result of multiple injuries. Each injury was drugs. Details as to whether a bystander was allocated to one of six body regions (head, present, how the injured was discovered and face, chest, abdomen, extremities (including 6 whether any first aid intervention was made were pelvis), external) (Brohi 2007b). The three most also noted alongside an estimate of time from severely injured body regions had their score injury to discovery and the time from discovery to squared and added together to produce the the call for assistance. ISS score, which ranges from 1 to 75 (TARN 2016). The inclusion criteria for the study were that deaths were from traumatic or accidental injury, > Probability-of-survival estimations were within the three-year time frame and occurred prior calculated using TARN’s Ps14 calculator, to hospitalisation. Figure 2 details inclusion and although this calculation has not been validated exclusion criteria for Cheshire, and Figure 3 details for a prehospital model. the same for Manchester (City). FIGURE 2. FLOW DIAGRAM DETAILING INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF CASES (CHESHIRE) Deaths referred to the coroner due to injury: n = 564 Deaths excluded: n = 401 Hospital death: n = 243 Death occurred overseas: n = 19 Prehospital deaths: n = 163 Death due to hanging: n = 139 Further deaths excluded: n = 29 End-of-life care: n = 12 Deaths meeting inclusion Medical or natural cause of death: n = 16 criteria: n = 134 Records not located: n = 1 6 The call for assistance was not classified as a first aid intervention.